Muhammad Ali Jinnah who was also known as Quaid-e-Azam was born on 25 December 1876 in Karachi which was the part of British-controlled India. His father name was Jinnahbhai Poonja, and his wife, Mithibai, they had seven children and Jinnah was the eldest one, his father was a prosperous merchant. Jinnah took his early education from the Sindh Madarsat al islam in Karachi, he also studied in Christian Missionary Society High school in Karachi from where he completed his matriculation examination of the university of Bombay at the age of 16. On the advice of an English friend, his father sent him to London to acquire business experience. Jinnah was interested in a career as barrister, due to the custom of that time, In 1892, his parents arranged an early marriage of Jinnah before he left for England. He studied in Bombay University and Lincoln’s Inn. Lincoln’s Inn was the legal society who prepared students for the bar. In 1894, he suffered two severe losses as his wife and mother died. 1895, when he was at the age of 19, he was called to the bar, but he completed his studies and studied British pollical system, he regularly visited the house of commons, and was influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone, who had become the prime minister for the fourth time in 1892 which was the year of Jinnah arrived in London. Jinnah had a keen interest in affairs of India and Indian students. Jinnah worked with his other Indian students’ day and night for Dadabhai Naoroji, a British Indian nationalist, ran for the British parliament, they got success and Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the house of commons. It was year 1896, when Jinnah went back to Karachi, he found that his father’s business had agonized the losses and he must help him. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, and he was already the member of Indian National Congress, which was working for autonomy from British rule, it took years for Jinnah to establish himself as a lawyer. He turned actively towards politics after 10 years, he worked in both law and politics, he was a Muslim with little to do with sects. In 1998, he married to the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire, they had one daughter, Dina, and the marriage was not successful, they got separated and his sister Fatima gave him solace and company. In 1906, Jinnah entered in politics and participated in Indian National Congress, which was held at Calcutta, after four years, he was elected in Imperial legislative council. During the beginning of 20th century, the Indian national congress launched a movement of non-cooperation to boycott all aspects of British rule, It was Jinnah who opposed the policy and resigned from the congress. There were deep differences between the congress and the Muslim league. In 1937, after the provincial elections, congress refused to form coalition with the Muslim League in mixed areas. The Hindu Muslim relation started to weaken and in 1940, the demand for partition of India and creation of a state of Pakistan was made at a Muslim league session in Lahore. Jinnah also believed that Hindu-Muslim unity is possible, but to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslim a partition is required. A formation of the state of Pakistan on 14th August 1947 was resulted due to Jinnah’s regular insistence and British government negotiation, it happened against a framework of general violence between Muslim, Hindus and Sikhs, in which hundreds of thousands died. Jinnah was the first governor general of Pakistan and he died due to the tuberculosis on September 11, 1948. Jinnah’s struggle for a state where Indian Muslims have their rights got successful and Pakistan is the result of his efforts from his early education to law degree he worked with British and Indian politics and made a successful state.
